0.1 Topic on Supercategory Theories

This is a topic on supercategory theories in relation to physics and theoretical biophysics/ biology.

There are several distinct concepts called ‘supercategories’ that have been reported in the mathematical literature. Moreover, there is also available a general definition that encompasses the less general definitions of a supercategory.

Several examples of definitions of supercategories:

1.

super-category or ‘category of categories’ , subject to Lawvere’s ETAC axioms designed for “the foundation of Mathematics”;

2.

meta-category and meta-theorems as defined by Mitchell (1965) and the corresponding meta-theories;

3.

super-category of functor categories-as defined by Barry Mitchell (1965);

4.

various n-categories published by Baez and his group;

5.

supercategory defined at the n-category web ‘café’ by Dr. Urs Schreiber from the Center for Mathematical Physics;

6.

An elementary example of a supercategory is that of a quasigroup;

7.

supercategory of organismic sets, and the theory of organismic sets;

8.

supercategory of (M,R)-systems and supercategory theory of (M,R)-systems;

9.

supercategory of quantum automata;

Additional details for these supercategories are found in the literature references listed in the Bibliography, and also under the following, specific examples of geometric, algebraic, and/or topological structures.

Examples of supercategories

1.

functor categories;

2.

2-categories, super-categories and n-categories; categories of categories (that are often considered for the foundation of Mathematics);

3.

higher dimensional algebras (HDA): double groupoids, double algebroids, crossed complexes of groupoids, crossed complexes of algebroids, superalgebroids, double categories, multiple categories, ω and cubic structures,

4.

organismic supercategories: algebraic theories of organismic sets, super-categories of Metabolic-Repair, or (M,R)-systems

5.

super-categories of Łukasiewicz algebraic (3-valued) logics

6.

supercategories of quantum automata,

7.

LM_n-generalized toposes/topoi of genetic networks and interactomes, supercategories of Post algebraic logics, supercategories of MV-algebraic logics.

1 Supercategory theories

Supercategories, and especially, organismic supercategories provide an unified conceptual framework for relational biology that utilizes flexible, algebraic and topological structures which transform naturally under heteromorphisms or heterofunctors, and natural transformations.

One of the major advantages of the ETAS axiomatic approach, which was inspired by the work of Lawvere [10, 11], is that ETAS avoids all the antimonies/paradoxes previously reported for sets, sets of sets, involving for example the elementhood relation or infinite sets, the axiom of choice, and so on (Russell and Whitehead, 1925, and Russell, 1937; [?]). ETAS also provides an axiomatic approach to recent Higher Dimensional Algebra applications to complex systems biology ([1] and references cited therein).

Ten axioms for a general ETAS example (See also [11] and the entry on axiomatic theory of supercategories.)

0. For any letters x,y,u,A,B, and unary function symbols Δ₀ and Δ₁, and composition law Γ, the following are defined as formulas: Δ₀(x) = A, Δ₁(x) = B, Γ(x,y; u), and x = y; These formulas are to be, respectively, interpreted as “A is the domain of x”, “B is the codomain, or range, of x”, “u is the composition x followed by y”, and “x equals y”.

1. If Φ and Ψ are formulas, then “[Φ] and [Ψ]” , “[Φ] or [Ψ]”, “[Φ] ⇒ [Ψ]”, and “not [Φ]” are also formulas.

2. If Φ is a formula and x is a letter, then “∀x[Φ]”, “∃x[Φ]” are also formulas.

3. A string of symbols is a formula in ETAS if and only if it follows from the above axioms 0 to 2.

A sentence is then defined as any formula in which every occurrence of each letter x is within the scope of a quantifier, such as ∀x or ∃x. The theorems of ETAS are defined as all those sentences which can be derived through logical inference from the following ETAS axioms:

4. Δ_i(Δ_j(x)) = Δ_j(x) for i,j = 0, 1.

5. Γ(x,y; u) and Γ(x,y; u′) ⇒ u = u′.

5. ∃u[Γ(x,y; u)] ⇒ Δ₁(x) = Δ₀(y);

7. Γ(x,y; u) ⇒ Δ₀(u) = Δ₀(x) and Δ₁(u) = Δ₁(y).

8. Identity axiom: Γ(Δ₀(x),x; x) and Γ(x, Δ₁(x); x) yield always the same result.

7. Associativity axiom: Γ(x,y; u) and Γ(y,z; w) and Γ(x,w; f) and Γ(u,z; g) ⇒ f = g. With these axioms in mind, one can see that commutative diagrams can be now regarded as certain abbreviated formulas corresponding to systems of equations such as: Δ₀(f) = Δ₀(h) = A, Δ₁(f) = Δ₀(g) = B, Δ₁(g) = Δ₁(h) = C and Γ(f,g; h), instead of g ∘f = h for the arrows f, g, and h, drawn respectively between the ‘objects’ A, B and C, thus forming a ‘triangular commutative super-diagram‘ in the usual sense of category theory. Compared with the ETAS formulas such diagrams have the advantage of a geometric–intuitive image of their equivalent underlying equations. The common property of A of being an object is written in shorthand as the abbreviated formula Obj(A) standing for the following three equations:

8. A = Δ₀(A) = Δ₁(A),

9. ∃x[A = Δ₀(x)]∃y[A = Δ₁(y)],

and

10. ∀x∀u[Γ(x,A; u) ⇒ x = u] and ∀y∀v[Γ(A,y; v)] ⇒ y = v .

Intuitively, with this terminology and axioms a supercategory is meant to be any structure which is a direct interpretation of these ten ETAS axioms. A heterofunctor is then understood to be a triple consisting of two such supercategories (or classes of objects, diagrams, etc.) and of a set, or proper class, of rules §_H (‘the hetero-functor’) which assigns to each arrow or morphism x of the first supercategory, a unique morphism, written as ‘§_H(x)’ of the second category, in such a way that the usual conditions on objects (but not on arrows) are fulfilled (see for example [?])– the functor is well behaved, it carries object identities to image object identities, and commutative super-diagrams (or classes) to image commmutative super-diagrams of the corresponding image objects and image (hetero)morphisms betwen objects with different structures, as well as homo-morphisms (between objects with the same type of structure, such as groupoid homomorphisms, or topological space homeomorphisms, automata homomorphisms, etc). At the next level, one then defines natural transformations or functorial morphisms between functors as metalevel abbreviated formulas and equations pertaining to commutative diagrams of the distinct images of two functors acting on both objects and morphisms. As the name indicates natural transformations are also well–behaved in terms of the ETAC equations satisfied.

The general example presented above is an ETAS formulation closest to ETAC-axioms for categories and super-categories, or categories of categories in volved in the foundations of most Mathematics, (viz. Lawvere and others).

1.1 Notes on the general definition of a supercategory and a standard example

In the usual sense, super-categories are defined as categories of categories, and the process is repeated in higher dimensions in n-categories. There is however a ‘more geometric’, or ‘gluing’ construction of double categories, double groupoids ([9], and double algebroids [8]) that involves additional conditions or axioms leading to non-Abelian higher dimensional structures and Higher Dimensional Algebra (HDA;[9, 8] and [7]). Similarly, the construction of supercategories ([?]), unlike that of n-categories, allows for ‘gluing’ together distinct structures and/or their corresponding diagrams (such as algebraic and topological ones), through hetero-morphisms or hetero-functors, which are arrows (not necessarily subject to all of the ETAC axioms) linking distinct structures into the superstructure called a ‘supercategory’; the latter is a generalized type of double groupoid, double category, 2-category,..., n-category or super–category/meta–category, that always involves only diagrams of homo-morphisms at each level, but also includes hetero-morphisms or hetero-functors, and so on, between different types of structures. Proper supercategories could also be called ‘n-ary’ super-categories, or multi-categories, in the sense of extending double groupoid, double algebroid and double category structures to higher dimensions. Note however that even in a general, abstract supercategory at the level of diagrams of homo-morphisms, homo-functors, natural transformations, or any n-categories with only one type of arrows at each level, all the ETAC axioms still hold. On the other hand, at the levels of supercategorical diagrams, or superdiagrams, involving several types of morphisms, or hetero-morphisms and hetero-functors, several of the rules for connecting diagrams are weakened, and the result is a superstructure which does not have all naturality conditions satisfied by all arrows, and one has additional composition laws, such as Γ′, Γ′′,..., and so on, satisfying new ETAS axioms that are not allowed in ETAC. Thus, additional ETAS axioms are needed to also specify how such distinct composition laws are combined within the same superstructure. Any interpretation of ETAS axioms (that may include also the ETAC axioms for the special cases of categories, n-categories, double categories, etc) then defines a supercategory.

Definition 1.1. . A specific, ‘standard’ example of supercategories was recently introduced in Mathematical (or more specifically ‘Categorified’) Physics, on the web at the n-category café’ s site under “Supercategories”. This is a rather ‘simple’ example of supercategories, albeit in a much more restricted sense as it still involves only the standard categorical homo-morphisms, homo-functors, and so on; it begins with a somewhat standard definiton of super-categories, or ‘super categories’ from Category Theory, but then it becomes more interesting as it is being tailored to supersymmetry and extensions of ‘Lie’ superalgebras, or superalgebroids, which are sometimes called graded ‘Lie’ algebras (but not really Lie algebras), that are thought to be relevant to quantum gravity ([7] and references cited therein). The following is an almost exact quote from the above n-category cafe’ s website posted mainly by Urs Schreiber: A super category is a diagram of the form: ◇◇ Id_C ◇ C ◇◇s in Cat–the category of categories and (homo-) functors between categories– such that:

, (where the ‘diamond’ symbol should be replaced by the symbol ‘square’, as in the original Urs’s postings.)

This specific instance is that of a supercategory which has only one object– the above quoted superdiagram of diamonds, an arbitrary abstract category C (subject to all ETAC axioms), and the standard category identity (homo-) functor; it can be further specialized to the previously introduced concepts of supergroupoids (also definable as crossed complexes of groupoids), and supergroups (also definable as crossed modules of groups), which seem to be of great interest to mathematicians involved in ‘categorified’ mathematical physics or physical mathematics. The new supercategory introduction was then continued with the following interesting example that aims to answer the following question. “What, in this sense, is a braided monoidal supercategory ?”. Urs, suggested the following answer: like an ordinary braided monoidal category is a 3-category which in lowest degrees looks like the trivial 2-group, a braided monoidal supercategory is a 3-category which in lowest degree looks like the strict 2-group that comes from the crossed module

. Urs called this generalization of stabilization of n-categories, G(2)- stabilization. So the claim would be that braided monoidal supercategories come from G(2)-stabilized 3-categories, with G(2) the above strict 2-group.

References